Longish post but I hope you don't mind.
From an academic standpoint, how does one prove that "a lot of rape" doesn't get reported? If the only way to track an event is by evidence that the event occurred, and reporting is that evidence, where do these numbers come from?
Hospitals, police officers, crisis centers, support groups, anonymous surveys and so on are all data rich. For example, a girl comes into the hospital and has quite obviously been sexually assaulted/raped (you can tell this via examination - without getting too explicit there are notable differences to a woman's private parts that are tale-tell signs that differentiate consensual from nonconsensual sex, tearing and the like is also how we know minors have been abused) but in the girl's case she's 18 and privacy laws protect her.
She does not have to come forward even if everyone on the hospital ward knows something horrible happened. In some cases, even if she tells the nurse or physician that she was raped they can't reveal this or call without consent (they can take anonymous surveys about patients for studies though which can reveal these things).
Police officers and first responders who are first on the scene often hear what happened and can see it with their own eyes and she may spill her guts about what happened (that occurs a lot) BUT their hands are tied when a girl of 18 refuses to make a statement or turns around and says 'no it never happened' even when everyone looking at her knows something did. Crisis centers can also gather stats without revealing patient/client info. As can several other methods.
There's little gain in lying anonymously and if we have an issue there then we are screwed because TONS of our research on all kinds of topics comes from these methods but a good survey is built for a margin of error and has means of detecting frauds.
I'm asking because I am a law student and observer of the criminal justice system. I find this stuff terrifying yet fascinating.
At some point I had read one of these reports that suggested that most rapes/sex crimes on a college campus go unreported and the way that was determined (if memory serves) was with a survey that asked college girls something to the effect of "have you, or anyone you know, been a victim of rape or sexual assault" and "did you report it."
Rapes and sexual assault in general go underreported everywhere but especially at college. Everyone knows by now you've got to have witnesses - someone groped you on the L-train will get reported but someone who did the same as you were passing through the hallway will likely just get a glare. Also, stranger rapists who take you down an alley or break into your house are more likely to get reported. On campus, everyone knows everyone and TBH women are still people pleasers (don't rock the boat types) at that point in their lives -- for some reason women tend to get much stronger as they age (that's just personal observation but for some reason between 60-80 women become bad@sses and of course for some that happens sooner).
Now consider that for a second. If I have been raped, and I have 20 friends who know I had been either by hearsay or by me telling them, that is 21 people who could answer that question yes for only one actual event. Even if that ratio is 4 to 1, it's still terribly inflated. I would just really like to know how these numbers are created.
That's not how a good survey works. The question there would be 'have ever you known anyone who was raped?' and it would fall into it's own statistical category. But I'm oversimplifying as it would be more thorough than that and there are controls for such things.
I can say that the book "The System" discusses athlete sex crimes in some detail. Interestingly it cited a study that said of reported incidents on division 1 college campuses, 19% of these crimes were committed by 3% of the male population. That 3% are the male athletes. That is astounding.
Also the book referenced studies that showed athletes were far more likely to be indicted for that crime than the general population but also far less likely to be convicted. It's interesting, terrible, stuff.
I haven't read this so I can't really comment on most of it let alone the stats but I'll put it on my general reading list.
I will say that with athletes being more likely to get convicted don't discount the racial aspect. Our criminal justice system is far more likely to convict you if you are poor and/or black and we know that many black athletes come from poverty. Considering a lot of these crimes happen at parties, remember, it's also easier to ID an athlete whose face is famous than a random fratboy. You may never have seen either in person but the athlete you've seen in the media and are familiar with how he looks. The fratboy you've never seen and maybe won't see again. Most campus rapes involve alcohol and that can make identification difficult.