We can discuss more alternatives to pasta, but first let's discuss which items are authentic.
Geographical indications and traditional specialities in the European Union
Three
European Union schemes of
geographical indications and
traditionalspecialties, known as
protected designation of origin (
PDO),
protected geographical indication (
PGI), and
traditional specialities guaranteed (
TSG), promote and protect names of quality agricultural products and foodstuffs.
[1] Products registered under one of the three schemes may be marked with the logo for that scheme to help identify those products. The schemes are based on the legal framework provided by the EU Regulation No 1151/2012 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 November 2012 on quality schemes for agricultural products and foodstuffs.
[2] This regulation (enforced within the EU and being gradually expanded internationally via bilateral agreements between the EU and non-EU countries) ensures that only products genuinely
originating in that region are allowed to be identified as such in commerce. The legislation first came into force in 1992. The purpose of the law is to protect the reputation of the regional foods, promote rural and agricultural activity, help producers obtain a premium price for their authentic products, and eliminate the
unfair competition and misleading of consumers by non-genuine products,
[3] which may be of inferior quality or of different flavour.
These laws protect the names of wines, cheeses,
hams,
sausages, seafood,
olives,
olive oils, beers,
balsamic vinegar, regional breads, fruits, raw meats and vegetables.
Foods such as
Gorgonzola,
Parmigiano-Reggiano,
feta, the
Waterford blaas,
[4] Herve cheese,
Melton Mowbray pork pies,
Piave cheese,
Asiago cheese,
camembert, Herefordshire
cider,
cognac,
armagnac and
champagne can only be labelled as such if they come from the designated region. To qualify as
roquefort, for example, cheese must be made from milk of a certain breed of sheep, and matured in the natural caves near the town of
Roquefort-sur-Soulzon in the
Aveyron region of France, where it is colonised by the fungus
Penicillium roquefortithat grows in these caves.
[5]
This system is similar to
appellation systems used throughout the world, such as the
appellation d'origine contrôlée (AOC) used in France, the
denominazione di origine controllata (DOC) used in Italy, the
denominação de origem controlada (DOC) used in
Portugal, the
denumire de origine controlată(DOC) system used in Romania and the
denominación de origen (DO) system used in Spain. In many cases, the EU PDO/PGI system works parallel with the system used in the specified country, and in some cases is subordinated to the appellation system that was already instituted, particularly with wine, for example, and in France (in particular) with cheese, for example
Maroilles (as most others) has both PDO (
Appellation d'origine protégée (AOP) in French) and AOC classifications, but generally only the AOC classification will be shown.
Protection and enforcement
In countries where Protected Geographical Status laws are enforced, only products which meet the various geographical and quality criteria may use the protected indication. It is also prohibited to combine the indication with words such as "style", "type", "imitation", or "method" in connection with the protected indications, or to do anything which might imply that the product meets the specifications, such as using distinctive packaging associated with the protected product.
Protected indications are treated as intellectual property rights by the
Customs Regulation 1383/2003 (Regulation concerning customs action against goods suspected of infringing certain intellectual property rights and the measures to be taken against goods found to have infringed such rights),
[1] and infringing goods may be seized by customs on import. Within the
European Union, enforcement measures vary: infringement may be treated as
counterfeit,
misleading advertising,
passing off or even as a question of
public health. Outside Europe, the protection of PGS products usually require bilateral agreements between the EU and the importing countries, while protected indications may not always supersede other intellectual property rights such as trademarks.
On 15 November 2011, the European Court of Auditors presented its report
Do the design and management of the Geographical Indications Scheme allow it to be effective? to the European Parliament.
Objectives of the protectionEdit
The preambles to the regulations cite consumer demand for quality foodstuffs, and identify a number of goals for the protection regimes:
- the promotion of products with specific characteristics, particularly those coming from less-favoured or rural areas;
- the improvement of the income of farmers, in return for a "genuine effort to improve quality";
- the retention of population in rural areas;
- the provision of clear and succinct information to consumers regarding product origin.
The provision of a recompense for efforts to improve quality and the need for
consumer protection are often cited as justifications for
trade mark protection in other domains, and geographical indications operate in a similar manner to trademarks.
General regimeEdit
The general regime governs the use of protected designations of origin (PDO) and protected geographical indications (PGI) for food and certain other agricultural products. There are separate regimes for spirits and for aromatised drinks (geographical designations) as well as for wines (geographical indications, often referred to as
appellations). The origin of the product is only one of the criteria for use of the protected terms: the product must also meet various quality criteria. The label "
Traditional Specialities Guaranteed" (TSG) is a similar protected term which does not impose any restrictions on the geographical origin of the product.
The protection of geographical indications was extended to foodstuffs and other agricultural products in 1992.
[2] Given the widely different national provisions, this "general regime" gives much more power to the
European Commission (compared to the special regimes) to ensure a harmonised protection across the European Union. It is currently governed by the Regulation on the protection of geographical indications and designations of origin for agricultural products and foodstuffs (No 510/2006).
[3]
To qualify for a PDO, the product must have qualities and characteristics which are essentially due to its region of production: it must also be produced, processed and prepared exclusively within that region. The requirement for a PGI are slightly less strict; a good reputation of a product from a given region is sufficient (rather than objectively different characteristics) if any of the steps of production, processing and preparation may take place within the region. Otherwise the protection afforded by the two terms is equivalent.
An application for a PDO or a PGI is first made to the authorities of the relevant Member State. It is judged by the Member State against the criteria in the Regulation and, if found to be acceptable, forwarded to the European Commission for final approval. Applications are published at both the national and Community stages of examination, and third parties can object to proposed PDOs or PGIs which they feel would harm their business. A recurrent objection is that the proposed denomination is a generic term for the product in question: generic names cannot be registered but, once registered, the denominations are protected from
genericisation. Hence
Cheddar cheesewas deemed to be a generic name, but the PDO "West Country farmhouse Cheddar cheese" was allowed.
[6] Feta was deemed not to have become generic, and was registered as a PDO to the disappointment of cheesemakers outside of Greece.