Authoritarian views most prevalent among those who hold favorable views of Trump, supporters of Christian nationalism, white evangelical Protestants, and weekly churchgoers WASHINGTON (September 10…
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Survey: Four in Ten Americans Are Susceptible to Authoritarianism, But Most Still Reject Political Violence
September 10, 2024
Authoritarian views most prevalent among those who hold favorable views of Trump, supporters of Christian nationalism, white evangelical Protestants, and weekly churchgoers
WASHINGTON (September 10, 2024) — In the wake of the violent insurrection at the U.S. Capitol Building in 2021 and as the Project 2025 blueprint looms over the 2024 election, a new PRRI survey of more than 5,000 Americans takes a closer look at Americans’ support for authoritarianism by revisiting long-established measures of authoritarianism and their relationships to partisanship and religion. According to the survey, support for authoritarian views are strongest among Republicans (particularly those who hold favorable views of former President Donald Trump), supporters of Christian nationalism, white evangelical Protestants, and weekly churchgoers.
“Our new survey finds that four in ten Americans are susceptible to authoritarian appeals, and that number rises to two-thirds of Republicans and white evangelical Protestants,” says Robert P. Jones, PRRI President and Founder. “Notably, while the vast majority of Americans reject the use of political violence, those who support authoritarianism are nearly twice as likely as the general public to support it. These findings should serve as an important warning as we enter an election season that is incredibly consequential for the health of American democracy.”
The survey relied on two classic approaches to measure authoritarianism.
The survey uses the Right-Wing Authoritarianism Scale (RWAS), which was first developed in The Authoritarian Personality (1950) in the wake of the horrors of fascism in the Second World War, and the Child-Rearing Authoritarian Scale (CRAS), an alternative measure of authoritarianism that uses preferred childhood traits. PRRI finds that while most Americans do not hold highly authoritarian views, a substantial minority does: 43% of Americans score high on the Right-Wing Authoritarianism Scale (RWAS), while 41% score high on the Child-Rearing Authoritarianism Scale (CRAS).
Two-thirds of Republicans score high on the RWAS (67%) compared with 35% of independents, and 28% of Democrats. Republicans who hold favorable views of Trump are 36 percentage points more likely than those with unfavorable views of Trump to score high on the RWAS (75% vs. 39%). White evangelical Protestants (64%) are the religious group most likely to score high on the RWAS, followed by smaller majorities of Hispanic Protestants (54%) and white Catholics (54%). A majority of weekly churchgoers (55%) score high on the RWAS, compared with 44% of Americans who attend church a few times a year and 38% of those who never attend church services. Patterns are similar for the CRAS, although less pronounced.
Like earlier PRRI studies, the survey finds that three in ten Americans identify as Christian nationalism Adherents (10%) or Sympathizers (20%). Among Americans who are Christian nationalism Adherents or Sympathizers, three-quarters (74%) score high on the RWAS and 61% score high on the CRAS.
While most Americans reject political violence, those scoring high on authoritarianism scales and Christian nationalist measures are significantly more likely to support it — as are Republicans who hold favorable views of Trump.
Fewer than one in five Americans agree with three measures of political violence: 1) that “true American patriots may have to resort to violence in order to save our country” (16%); 2) that “if the 2024 presidential election is compromised by voter fraud, everyday Americans will need to ensure that the rightful leader takes office, even if it requires violence actions” (16%); or 3) that “armed citizens are needed as poll watchers to ensure a fair election” (15%).
Those who hold Christian nationalist and Right-Wing Authoritarian views are approximately twice as likely as the public to support political violence. One-third of Christian nationalism Adherents and Sympathizers (33%) agree that “true American patriots may have to resort to violence to save our country,” as do 28% of Americans who score high on the RWAS.
Republicans are about 2.5 times more likely than Democrats to agree with measures of political violence: that patriots may have to resort to violence to save our country (27% vs. 8%); that everyday Americans will need to ensure the rightful leader takes office, even if it requires taking violent actions (24% vs. 10%); and that armed citizens are needed as poll watchers (24% vs. 10%, respectively). And Republicans who have a favorable view of Trump are significantly more likely than those who have an unfavorable view of Trump to agree with all three statements.