I thought that the person gifting appreciated stock to an individual paid the capital gains tax, but after googling it looks like the basis transfers with the stock and it is the original purchase price of the stock. But the recipient doesn’t get to take advantage of capital loses - the donor needs to sell the stock to get tge tax benefit of the capital loss.
If the person gifting the appreciated stock instead sells it and gifts cash, then they pay a capital gains tax.
The stepped up basis for appreciated assets willed to heirs is a very favorable tax treatment. The heir gets to bump up their basis to the current market value and the donor avoids any capital gains taxes.
The $19,000 relates to GIFT tax rather than capital gains included in INCOME. $19,000 (per person) is the cut off of when the gift has to be REPORTED to the IRS. There’s a lifetime gift tax exclusion of $14 million. Occasionally the soak the rich politicians push for lowering the $14 million to even a million or so. The selling point of the $14 million exclusion is to prevent family farms and businesses from having to be liquidated to pay the gift/estate tax when passing those assets to heirs.
Gifting appreciated stocks (that aren’t in Roth accounts - they’re not taxed no matter who receives those assets) to charities/churches avoids taxes since they are tax exempt. They can sell immediately and not have a tax liability.